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A river water sample has $\mathrm{pH}$ of $4$ and suspended solids concentration of $100 \; \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{L}$. If, alum is chosen as a coagulant, what will be the coagulation mechanism?

  1. Ionic layer compression only
  2. Sweep coagulation and Polymer bridging
  3. Polymer bridging only
  4. Charge neutralization, surface adsorption, ionic layer compression

     

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